Abstract: Asserts that the psychological formulation and benchmark cases of Freud's (1919) Little Hans and J. B. Watson and R. Rayner's (1920) Little Albert are insufficient for prescriptive psychotherapy. The dichotomy between the psychoanalytic view that even "simple" phobias have unconscious significance, and the radical behavioristic notion that "avoidance behavior" is conditioned and maintained by overt consequences, has retarded clinical progress. More complex conceptualizations and multimodal treatments are required for most phobic and other behavioral disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)